Pro Football History.com Blog
August 31st, 2026
Todd Monken has entrusted Cleveland's new offense to Deshaun Watson rather than Shedeur Sanders. The choice favors experience now, although recent evidence offers the Browns little comfort about what comes next.
Quarterback competitions often become most revealing after they end. Cleveland divided first-team work between Deshaun Watson and Shedeur Sanders before Monken chose Watson for the September 13 opener at Jacksonville.
The new head coach called it a difficult decision. Cleveland has chosen the player it believes can manage an offense today, even though Watson's performances as a Brown give supporters ample reason to question the call. For Monken, that tension is unavoidable. He must install an offense around the most experienced option available without pretending the past four seasons offer a persuasive recommendation either.
The Competition Was Real but Never Quite Equal
Monken gave both candidates a genuine look. Watson and Sanders alternated days with the first-team offense through most of training camp, split those repetitions during a joint practice with Buffalo and started one preseason game apiece. Neither ran away with the job once the games began.
Their evaluations started from different places. Sanders had to prove he could control an NFL huddle and execute a new system. Watson needed to show that injuries and uneven play had not removed the qualities that once made him an accomplished starter. Monken eventually favored the experience he saw in daily practices. It was a close competition between quarterbacks at very different stages of their careers.
Monken Is Valuing What Happens Before the Throw
Preseason statistics offer only a partial view of a quarterback's work. Before a pass leaves his hand, he must deliver the call clearly, organize the formation, control the cadence and reach the right point in his drop. A missed detail can ruin a play before any receiver begins his route.
That operational work helps explain why Monken could prefer Watson despite scant recent success. The coach cited experience and mobility, suggesting Cleveland values his ability to keep the entire unit functioning. Teaching those details to Sanders during regular-season games carries a cost. The choice concerns readiness more than potential. Monken has backed the quarterback he considers better equipped to run his offense immediately.
One Decision Can Alter an Entire Forecast
Naming Watson turned a private evaluation into a public verdict on Cleveland's season. Should the announcement make anyone more confident about the Browns? Every forecast must account for his health, recent performances and the possibility that Cleveland eventually reopens the conversation.
Prediction markets offer one way to watch those opinions develop as new information emerges. The CBS Sports guide to the polymarket invite code explains that Polymarket US lists NFL event contracts priced between $0 and $1, with each price reflecting the probability assigned by traders. The page also details eligible locations, available sports and its current offer of $20 in trading credits after a qualifying $10 deposit. Those judgments will remain provisional until Watson faces a regular-season defense. Monken's concern is preparing a new offense for a schedule that leaves little time to find its feet.
Six Early Road Games Reward Immediate Control
The Browns play six of their first nine games away, beginning in Jacksonville. Trips to Baltimore, Cincinnati, Denver, New England and Pittsburgh follow before mid-November. That imbalance looks more daunting after Cleveland went 2-7 on the road during its 2025 season. It is an awkward opening for an offense learning a new language.
Road games test the procedural qualities Monken appears to prize. Communication becomes harder, the play clock feels shorter and one muddled series can give an opponent control of the afternoon. A veteran should be better prepared for those conditions, which strengthens the football case for Watson even if it does not guarantee better results.
Cleveland also benefits from ending the competition before its final preseason game. Watson can take every important practice repetition with the starters. Monken has removed the ambiguity; the schedule will test whether he identified the right solution.
Watson Has Been Given More Than Week 1
Monken has stressed that this is not intended to become a weekly decision. That commitment offers the starter room to recover from mistakes, but it raises the stakes for the coach if old problems return. Watson has made only 19 starts since joining Cleveland and has twice torn his right Achilles tendon.
There was little preseason momentum to soften those concerns. Watson completed five of 12 passes for 35 yards with an interception against Buffalo. September will demand far more convincing evidence.
The Browns chose readiness because a new coach cannot spend autumn waiting for his system to become functional. Watson now has to repay that faith by making the ordinary parts of quarterback play look ordinary again. If he cannot, Cleveland's summer-long competition may prove to have delayed its hardest question rather than answered it.
August 26th, 2026
How the Rules of Professional Football Have Changed Over the Decades
The NFL in 2026 looks very different from the game played a century ago. The basic objective is still the same: move the ball, score points and stop the other team. But the rules around passing, tackling, kickoffs and officiating have changed significantly. Some changes opened up the offense and increased scoring, while others focused on player safety and more accurate calls. Together, they helped shape the modern NFL.
Why Football Rules Continue to Evolve
The NFL reviews its rules regularly because the game itself keeps changing. New strategies can expose problems with existing rules, while medical research and injury data can highlight risks that were not as well understood in the past.
Most major rule changes are intended to achieve one or more goals:
- Reduce unnecessary injury risks, especially from high-speed or head-first contact.
- Maintain a reasonable balance between offense, defense and special teams.
- Make games clearer, more competitive and more entertaining for fans.
A rule change introduced for one reason can also affect another part of the game. Protecting receivers, for example, can encourage more passing, while changing kickoff formations for safety can completely alter special teams strategy.
The Most Important Rule Changes in NFL History
One important turning point came in 1933. Under the NFL rule in place at the time, a forward pass had to be thrown from at least five yards behind the line of scrimmage. The league changed the rule to allow forward passes from anywhere behind the line, giving offenses more options in the passing game.
The following decades brought several changes that gradually reshaped the NFL:
- 1933: Forward passes were allowed from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage, helping open up the passing game.
- 1974: Regular-season overtime was introduced, reducing the number of games that ended in ties.
- 1978: Contact with eligible receivers was restricted beyond five yards, giving passing offenses more freedom.
- 1986 and 1999: Instant replay was introduced and later restored, giving officials another way to review close calls.
- 1994: The two-point conversion was adopted, adding another strategic option after touchdowns.
- 2018: The Use of the Helmet rule was introduced to reduce dangerous contact.
- 2024 and 2025: A redesigned kickoff was introduced and later made permanent, limiting high-speed collisions.
The 1970s were particularly important. Regular-season overtime arrived in 1974, while the 1978 changes restricted defensive contact with eligible receivers beyond five yards and gave offensive linemen more freedom when pass blocking. These reforms opened up the passing game and helped shape modern NFL offenses.
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Changes That Improved Player Safety
Player safety has become a major reason for NFL rule changes. Over time, the league has placed tighter restrictions on helmet contact, dangerous tackles and hits on quarterbacks or defenseless players.
In 2018, the Use of the Helmet rule penalized players who lower their heads and initiate contact with the helmet. Kickoffs have also been redesigned because injury data showed a higher concussion risk on these plays. The format introduced in 2024 places players closer together, reducing long run-ups and high-speed collisions.
The NFL has also strengthened concussion protocols, medical evaluations and helmet testing, making rule changes part of a broader effort to reduce preventable injuries.
Changes That Favored Offense
Not every rule change has focused on safety. Several were introduced to open up the offense and encourage scoring.
The 1978 restrictions on defensive contact with receivers were especially influential. Defenders could still make contact within five yards of the line of scrimmage, while offensive linemen gained more freedom to use their hands when blocking. These changes gave receivers more space and quarterbacks better protection, helping the passing game become a bigger part of NFL strategy.
Another important change came in 1994 with the two-point conversion, which gave teams an alternative to kicking the extra point after a touchdown.
Overtime rules have evolved, too. Since 2025, both teams generally get an opportunity to possess the ball in regular-season overtime, even if the first team scores a touchdown.
Replay Reviews and Modern Officiating
Technology has changed NFL officiating considerably. Instant replay was formally introduced in 1986, removed after the 1991 season and restored in 1999 with a revised system that included coaches’ challenges.
Today, officials can review synchronized camera angles and receive assistance from replay personnel in New York, while referees use tablets for on-field reviews. Since 2025, virtual line-to-gain technology has also been used to help determine if the ball reached the required distance after its spot is established.
How Rule Changes Have Affected the Way the Game Is Played
Major rule changes have repeatedly forced coaches and players to adjust. Passing reforms encouraged more complex route combinations and pass-protection schemes, while greater protection for quarterbacks and receivers changed defensive techniques and made disciplined tackling more important.
The redesigned kickoff has also altered special teams strategy, especially blocking schemes, return lanes and player positioning. Replay has influenced coaching decisions too, as teams must consider if there is enough evidence to challenge an on-field ruling.
Which Rules Could Change Next?
Player safety is likely to remain a major focus of future NFL rule changes. Kickoffs, quarterback protection and dangerous contact may continue to be adjusted as the league studies injury data and evaluates how current rules are working.
Technology could also play a greater role in officiating. Virtual measurements and expanded replay assistance already support referees, and similar tools may become more common. The main challenge will be improving safety and accuracy without slowing games or changing the competitive balance too much.
August 17th, 2026
The New Orleans Saints' Super Bowl XLIV triumph remains one of the NFL's great underdog stories. From a franchise with a long history of disappointment to a 13-3 regular season and a dramatic victory over the Indianapolis Colts, the Saints showed how calculated risks, resilience, and belief can turn an unlikely championship opportunity into sporting history.
On February 7, 2010, the Saints defeated the Indianapolis Colts 31-17 in Miami to claim the first Super Bowl championship in franchise history. More than a decade later, the 2009 season is still worth revisiting for those interested in broad sports coverage, like the readership of TwinSpires, because it demonstrates how an unfancied team can combine talent, tactical risk-taking and resilience to reach a position that once seemed unrealistic.
For anyone interested in sports stories, the Saints' Super Bowl XLIV season offers an especially useful example of an "edge case" win. They were not simply a bad team that got lucky for one afternoon. Instead, they built an excellent regular-season record, survived adversity in the playoffs and then produced a strategically bold performance against a heavily respected opponent.
A Franchise That Had Spent Decades Waiting
The context surrounding the Saints' victory made it particularly significant.
New Orleans had spent much of its history as one of the NFL's less successful franchises. Before the 2009 season, the team had never reached a Super Bowl. The arrival of quarterback Drew Brees and head coach Sean Payton had already started to change that perception, but winning the championship required another level of performance.
The 2009 Saints provided it.
New Orleans finished the regular season 13-3, including a remarkable 13-game winning streak that established the team as one of the league's strongest contenders. Its offence was particularly explosive, leading the NFL in both points and yards. The defence, meanwhile, created 39 takeaways during the regular season.
Yet the season did not end with an effortless march towards the championship.
The Saints lost their final three regular-season games. Suddenly, a team that had looked almost unstoppable was entering the playoffs with questions about its momentum and defensive consistency.
That is one of the reasons the season is so interesting from an underdog perspective.
Winning When the Momentum Disappears
Sports narratives often focus on momentum. A team wins repeatedly, confidence grows, and the victories appear to create a path towards the championship.
The Saints' experience was different.
Their three-game losing streak meant they entered the postseason having lost their last three games. Nevertheless, they responded by beating the Arizona Cardinals 45-14 in the divisional round before overcoming the Minnesota Vikings 31-28 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game.
The Vikings game was particularly important because it demonstrated that the Saints could win without everything going according to plan.
They eventually reached the Super Bowl against the Indianapolis Colts, a team that had gone 14-2 during the regular season and was led by Peyton Manning, who had just won his fourth NFL MVP award.
New Orleans was consequently positioned as the underdog.
The Super Bowl Started Exactly How the Saints Did Not Want
The Colts opened Super Bowl XLIV impressively.
Indianapolis drove 96 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter, immediately putting pressure on New Orleans. The Saints eventually responded, but the Colts held a 10-6 advantage at halftime.
For an underdog facing one of the era's greatest quarterbacks, this was the moment when conventional thinking could have taken over.
Instead, Sean Payton chose to take a risk.
And it became one of the most famous decisions in Super Bowl history.
"Ambush": The Decision That Changed the Game
The Saints opened the second half with an onside kick.
Rather than giving Peyton Manning possession and hoping the defence could stop him, New Orleans attempted to steal the ball immediately. The play, known as "Ambush", had been prepared before the game after the Saints identified a potential weakness in Indianapolis' kick-return formation.
The Saints recovered.
That single decision changed the psychological landscape of the game.
New Orleans suddenly had possession, momentum and an opportunity to take the lead. Six plays later, Pierre Thomas scored on a 16-yard catch-and-run, putting the Saints ahead 13-10.
Indianapolis responded with another touchdown, but the Saints continued to attack. Drew Brees eventually connected with Jeremy Shockey for a touchdown, and New Orleans established a 24-17 advantage.
The lesson for anyone following unusual sporting victories is obvious: sometimes an underdog cannot afford to simply play the favourite's game.
Drew Brees Delivers on the Biggest Stage
The Saints' aggressive approach still needed an elite quarterback to execute it.
Brees provided exactly that.
In Super Bowl XLIV, he completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns without throwing an interception. His accuracy helped New Orleans maintain possession and control the pace of the contest.
That performance is important because underdog stories can sometimes become overly focused on dramatic moments.
The onside kick was spectacular. Tracy Porter's interception was unforgettable. But the Saints also needed sustained execution between those moments.
Brees supplied it.
The Saints eventually led 24-17 before Manning received one final opportunity to bring the Colts back into the game.
Tracy Porter's Pick-Six Completes the Story
With Indianapolis driving late in the fourth quarter, Manning attempted to find a receiver on a crucial third down.
Saints cornerback Tracy Porter read the play, intercepted the pass and returned it 74 yards for a touchdown.
The play gave New Orleans a 31-17 lead with just 3:12 remaining and effectively ended the contest.
It was an appropriate conclusion to the Saints' season.
Their championship had been built around creating opportunities, exploiting weaknesses and making decisive plays when the stakes were highest.
August 16th, 2026
August football is full of noise, but buried inside it are clues that can change what you expect from September. The trick is knowing which ones deserve your attention.
The NFL preseason is underway, and the next few weeks will tell us far more than the final scores suggest. Ten teams have new head coaches in 2026, several quarterback jobs are still being decided and every roster has to be cut to 53 players by August 30. For fans trying to work out what September might bring, August gives us some useful clues.
Ten New Coaches Make August More Useful
Ten NFL teams entered 2026 with new head coaches, which gives preseason football a little extra value this year. Arizona is starting the Mike LaFleur era, while Pittsburgh has brought Mike McCarthy back together with Aaron Rodgers after their years in Green Bay. Each staff has spent the summer teaching a different system, and August provides the first chance to see that work against another team.
The final score tells you very little about whether a coach has everything working after a few weeks. Personnel choices are more revealing. Which quarterback gets an extra series, or which player stays on the field when a drive becomes important, can tell you far more about what the coaching staff is thinking.
Roster Cuts Give Late Games Their Real Stakes
The final preseason weekend runs from August 27 through August 29, and the pressure arrives almost immediately afterwards. Every club must reduce its roster to a maximum of 53 players by 6 p.m. ET on August 30.
That makes those last games hugely important for players sitting near the bottom of the depth chart. A reserve receiver or third quarterback may only get a handful of useful snaps, but those plays can decide whether he makes the roster or is looking for another team the following week.
Preseason Signals Reach the Betting Market
Preseason also changes the information available to bettors before Week 1. A quarterback competition can move quickly once both players face a live defense, and a new coaching system can make a team easier to judge once there is actual game tape rather than practice reports.
That makes preseason useful for bettors as well as coaches because expectations start becoming measurable once actual players are taking live snaps. Sportsbook Review details a Stake welcome offer for eligible Canadian players built around a 200% first-deposit match worth up to about C$4,200, with a C$15 minimum deposit and 40x playthrough requirement.
The useful part of August is knowing which information deserves attention. A fourth-quarter comeback by reserve players may mean very little for September, but a quarterback losing first-team snaps or a starter struggling with a new system deserves a closer look.
Young Quarterbacks Get the Snaps That Count
Quarterback battles give preseason some of its clearest storylines because there is nowhere to hide once the ball is live. Carson Beck entered Arizona’s summer behind Jacoby Brissett and Gardner Minshew II, while No. 1 overall pick Fernando Mendoza has been learning behind Kirk Cousins in Las Vegas.
Indianapolis has an even stranger situation. Anthony Richardson was the No. 4 pick in the 2023 draft, yet he entered camp behind Daniel Jones and Riley Leonard after appearing in only 17 NFL games. He has completed 50.6% of his passes, with 11 passing touchdowns against 13 interceptions. August reps carry genuine weight when a former top-five pick is fighting his way back up a depth chart.
Seattle Returns With a Different Kind of Pressure
Seattle enters this preseason from a very different position after winning the most recent Super Bowl. Mike Macdonald’s Seahawks finished the 2025 regular season at 14-3 and then went 3-0 in the playoffs, giving the franchise its second championship under a coaching line that stretches back through some very different eras.
For Seattle, August is less about proving that the program works and more about preparing the pieces needed for another run. Established starters do not need to win exhibition games to confirm what February already told us.
New England Starts From the Other Side of February
New England reached the same Super Bowl but came away with a very different memory of it. That makes the Patriots an interesting preseason team because their recent success gives them something solid to build from, yet there is still a clear gap between reaching the championship game and winning it.
The franchise has gone through several coaching eras on its way back to February, which gives the current team plenty of history sitting behind it. Preseason gives the latest group a chance to begin writing its next chapter before the games start counting.
Read August for Clues, Not Answers
Preseason football becomes much easier to read once you stop treating every result as a prediction. Established stars may barely play, and coaches are often testing players rather than chasing the scoreboard.
The better clues sit underneath the result: who earns extra snaps, which quarterback moves up the depth chart and whether a new coaching staff gets its ideas onto the field cleanly. By the time the regular season begins on September 9, plenty of August football will already have been forgotten, but some of those small signs will have told us exactly where to look.
August 15th, 2026
NFL totals are hard to make since scoring in the NFL is not based on just offense. Averages of matchups can be pushed off points-per-game with tempo, play calling and game script. In addition to seeing how teams score efficiently, bettors who are studying NFL lines should also be looking for how teams break the possession.
PROE can show a bettor which passing direction is expected after the situation is taken into account before they pick an Over or Under, or check the current NFL lines before they are updated. It is used in conjunction with pace to provide a "faster" insight into the flow of a game than an average.
What exactly is PROE?
PROE does not stand for Pace and Run over Expectation; it is a term that describes the Pass Rate OVER the Expectation. Use the standard definition for establish, as are The Run and nflfastR. nflfastR attempts to give an expected probability of a dropback (xpass) for each offensive play based on down, distance, time remaining, field position and score differential. Scrambles are considered called passes.
The PROE of a team is the difference between their actual pass rate and their anticipated pass rate. The PROE for an offense, which lost on 61% of its plays while the model predicted it would lose on 57%, is four points positive. Positive PROE: More passes than expected are thrown; Negative PROE: More runs than expected are thrown. In NFL betting analytics, pace is not a part of PROE, but rather an umbrella term.
Component 1: Offensive Pace
Pace is the speed at which the offense runs. Analysts can be using seconds per play, play-clock usage or plays per minute. Neutral pace is important to use because averages can be distorted by two-minute drills and blowouts. A team that is snapping with 15 seconds to play left in the clock has more opportunity to get another play off than a team that is waiting to snap repeatedly when it has only five seconds to play. The speed of games can create additional drives and scoring opportunities; slow attacks can reduce possession count.
Component 2: Run Over Expectation (ROE)
Passing side play calling tendency is expressed by PROE. If it is a positive reading, the offense is occurring at a higher rate than it would on an average team under the same conditions, a negative reading indicates more rushing.
The opposite is “run over expectation.” The run-pass ratio can be a false gauge of philosophy, as teams behind can pass more. PROE is a more informative measure than raw pass rate as it takes into account the game environment.
Changes to the clock dynamic go through passing. The game clock cannot be stopped by an incomplete pass, but many runs in bounds will continue the game clock. More passing will allow more snaps, but completions, sacks, scrambles and boundary plays are all going to make that relationship tricky if not complicated.
The link: how PROE directly impacts Over/Under betting
With NFL totals betting, Over environments can be swift and offer a positive PROE. Both teams make plays effectively and pass frequently based on the situation. That could be more stoppages, more possessions, more explosive-play opportunities.
The inverse can be used for an Under with a very negative PROE and slow pace. If both offenses are active for more than expected and are taking up play time, they can lose possession in the match.
Let's look at two possible teams that have positive PROE scores but are tied for first in the league in adjusted pace. They will have good match-up potential for shootouts due to their ability to keep the ball out of their own hands and get the ball up and into the air. While it does not always result in an Over, it does mean that bettors are forced to consider a low total.
Establish The Run provides PROE data, nflfastR-based analysis and nfelo provides pace reports. A cleaner way is to have separate pace and PROE columns.
How to apply PROE to your weekly NFL betting strategy
Use the total on the board as a starting point. Second, write down each team's PROE and a neutral or adjusted pace measure. Third, determine if it is a fast versus fast, fast versus slow, pass-heavy versus run-heavy or mixed matchup.
After which, compare that with the sportsbook number. A low total on two quick positive-PROE offenses warrants investigation. If the two teams are slow and both are negative PROE, then it should trigger the opposite question. It's not about mechanical betting, but uncovering discrepancies that warrant further investigation.
Consider the neutral script or context adjusted samples to be important. Establish The Run, for instance, with a neutral PROE view that takes out spikes, kneels, last two minutes of each half, blowouts and unusual plays. Large leads and chasing points make for different behaviors.
Look for changes in recent history. Changes in personnel, quarterback moves, coaching changes and offensive-line woes can make trends go stale in the season. Sharp NFL betting analysis considers PROE to be a measure of intent, and not of identity.
Context is key: PROE is a tool, not a magic bullet
You should not count on one statistic when it comes to no over under betting strategy. Defensive efficiency, such as DVOA or EPA, is important as the more possessions you have, the more you need to convert. Red-zone performance will be used to determine if a touchdown will be awarded or a field goal will be allowed. Quarterback and line injuries may have an impact on efficiency and play selection. Wind, precipitation and extreme temperatures can affect passing and kicking.
It's not just about the market context, either. These factors are studied by sportsbooks and the advanced bettor, and a very apparent pace-and-PROE matchup might already have been factored into the total. The edge is that you can determine if the adjustment is adequate or not.
The value of PROE is a diagnosis. The pass is one of the things that gets removed from the game-script noise, and it demonstrates the intensity with which an offense selects the pass vs. what is expected. Pace is a measure of how fast that offense gets its next snap. These far more sophisticated NFL statistics give a more realistic estimate of play volume and game texture.
Using football analytics to place an NFL totals bet is as simple as: begin with the market number, test it against pace and PROE, and then layer in efficiency, injury, and matchup factors and weather. In NFL analysis, the PROE stat isn't going to determine the final score. It can reveal when underlying assumptions under a point total should be looked at more carefully.